{"id":2706,"date":"2023-11-22T19:07:15","date_gmt":"2023-11-22T19:07:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/?page_id=2706"},"modified":"2025-11-26T14:30:56","modified_gmt":"2025-11-26T14:30:56","slug":"history-of-contemporary-violence","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/?page_id=2706","title":{"rendered":"History of contemporary violence"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"Book review by Reda Benkirane of Pankaj Mishra, The Age of Anger. A History of the Present, London, Allen Lane, 2017, by Reda Benkirane.
\n<\/span>(Translation in English and Arabic<\/a> by  Samia Erraji of the article<\/a> published in Le Monde, June 2022. )<\/span><\/p>\n

In a striking mirror narrative, the Indian essayist Pankaj Mishra dissects peoples\u2019 resentment since the 18th century and the \u201cblindness\u201d of the Enlightenment.<\/span><\/p>\n

There is a grand narrative that serves as a global mirror in which all of humanity, caught in resentment, hatred, and violence, is able to confront itself. This mirror allows for a single introspective glance at what has been nourishing its identity crisis and self-destructive tendencies for two and a half centuries. The author of this grand narrative-mirror of peoples is an Indian writer, Pankaj Mishra. In a striking book, The Age of Anger, he offers a unified vision of various phenomena of hatred, radicalism, and violence. What he presents is the total opposite of the (famous theory of the clash of civilizations. What is often perceived as a rejection of Enlightenment and modernity is according to him, a reaction by Westernized individuals, subjugated by the use of political violence. A significant portion of the \u201cModerns,\u201d on the one hand, is subject to mimetic rivalry, and, on the other hand, feels excluded or perceives itself as excluded from the promised world of a liberal and prosperous society, universal suffrage, citizen equality, human rights, educational advancement, and personal progress.<\/span><\/p>\n

Since the French Revolution and the Reign of Terror (1793-1794), the Enlightenment initiated this era of anger and extremism. In its wake, new political assertions emerged throughout the 19th century, from nationalism to anarchism to terrorism, led by individuals living on the fringes of idyllic representations of enlightened reason, progress, and modernity. This continued into the following century, beyond Europe, as societies converged towards a shared destiny where various expressions of extreme identity were displayed, fantasizing and exalting race, ethnicity, nation, and religion in turn. According to this perspective, white supremacists, Hindu extremists, ultra-orthodox nationalists Jews, and current jihadists would be equivalent, expressing the same resentment behind their \u201csimilar differences\u201d (Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss). Similarly, the 2015 Bataclan massacre in Paris would be a nihilistic contemporary replication of the explosion at the Bellecourt Theatre in Lyon in 1882, targeted by anarchists wanting to \u201cput an end to the bourgeoisie and commerce elite.\u201d The shock of the September 11, 2001, attacks would resonate with countless anarchist bombings that beheaded a tsar, an empress, kings, princes, presidents, and prime ministers, especially at the turn of the 20th century. This grand narrative, a true introduction to Occidentalism, reveals the blindness of the Enlightenment and its dark side. It provides a unifying theoretical framework for a variety of cultures swept along since the 18th century by the vortex of capitalism and the market society, while political violence fascinates and delights the excluded and the marginalized, produced as scientific, technical, industrial, and digital breakthroughs occur.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 Negative interdependence<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

The author, hailing from a village in rural India, has seen, read, and understood all about vibrant globalism. His argument proceeds from a literary analysis of Italian, German, Russian, Indian, Iranian, Arab, and other novelists, and poets. Everything begins and ultimately returns to the fundamental divergence between two philosophers, Voltaire, and Rousseau, regarding the stance to adopt towards a commercial relationship with society and the world. Following Rousseau, Nietzsche, Dostoevsky, and many others would thematize loss and self-dispossession. The history of hatred, violence, and mass terror is, therefore, the veiled and unspoken face of a sanitized history of Western modernity that has only retained the consecrated and talismanic narrative of the market society, parliamentary democracy, and human and citizen rights. Today\u2019s violence and terrorism represent, in essence, one among a series of \u201cshocks of modernity.\u201d In the 19th century, nihilistic and anarchist violence manifested the \u201cnegative solidarity\u201d (a term used by Hannah Arendt to describe mass movements characterized by a lack of \u201cpolitical responsibility,\u201d \u201cisolationist nationalism,\u201d or \u201cdesperate rebellion\u201d) that spread throughout Europe and beyond, generating world wars, genocides, and colonial massacres. Now, negative interdependence and the shocks of a hypertrophied modernity affect billions of individuals in Africa and Asia, with neither traditional social, political, and economic structures \u2013 long collapsed \u2013 nor any welfare state capable of absorbing them. We are, at this very moment in the history of the global village or the planetary vessel called Titanic, between a surge of hatred, wars, and impending bioclimatic disasters.<\/span><\/p>\n

Reda Benkirane<\/p>\n

\n

\"\"<\/a>Histoire de la violence<\/strong><\/p>\n

Le Monde des Livres<\/em>, 16 juin 2022 (lemonde.fr<\/a>\/pdf<\/a>)<\/p>\n


\n<\/strong>Dans un r\u00e9cit-miroir saisissant, l\u2019essayiste indien Pankaj Mishra autopsie le ressentiment des peuples depuis le XVIIIe si\u00e8cle et \u00ab l\u2019aveuglement \u00bb des Lumi\u00e8res.<\/p>\n

A propos de Pankaj Mishra, L\u2019Age de la col\u00e8re \u2013 une histoire du pr\u00e9sent<\/em>, traduit de l\u2019anglais par Dominique Vitalyos, Paris, \u00e9ditions Zulma, 2022.<\/p>\n

Il est un Grand R\u00e9cit qui, construit pour une part sur le ressentiment, la haine et la violence, constitue un miroir plan\u00e9taire o\u00f9 toute l\u2019humanit\u00e9 est en mesure de se voir en face. Ce miroir permet de saisir d\u2019un seul regard introspectif ce qui nourrit, depuis deux si\u00e8cles et demi, son d\u00e9sarroi identitaire et son autodestruction immunitaire.<\/p>\n

L\u2019auteur de ce Grand R\u00e9cit-miroir des peuples est un \u00e9crivain indien, Pankaj Mishra. Dans un livre saisissant, il propose une vision unifi\u00e9e des divers ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes de haine, radicalit\u00e9 et violence. Ce qu\u2019il expose est tout \u00e0 l\u2019oppos\u00e9 de la fameuse\/fumeuse th\u00e9orie du clash des civilisations. Ce qui est souvent per\u00e7u comme un rejet des Lumi\u00e8res et de la modernit\u00e9 est en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 une r\u00e9action d\u2019individus occidentalis\u00e9s, subjugu\u00e9s par le recours \u00e0 la violence politique. Une part notable des \u00ab Modernes \u00bb, d\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, est en proie \u00e0 une rivalit\u00e9 mim\u00e9tique et, de l\u2019autre, se trouve ou se per\u00e7oit exclue de la promesse publicitaire de soci\u00e9t\u00e9 lib\u00e9rale et prosp\u00e8re, de suffrage universel, d\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9 citoyenne et de droits humains, de promotion \u00e9ducative et d\u2019avancement personnel.<\/p>\n

Depuis la R\u00e9volution fran\u00e7aise et d\u00e8s le r\u00e8gne de la Terreur (1793-1794), les Lumi\u00e8res inaugur\u00e8rent \u00e9galement l\u2019\u00e8re de la col\u00e8re et de l\u2019extr\u00e9misme. Dans leurs sillages, de nouvelles expressions politiques \u00e9merg\u00e8rent tout au long du XIX\u00e8me<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, du nationalisme \u00e0 l\u2019anarchisme en passant par le terrorisme, conduits par des individus vivant aux marges de la fresque pastorale sur la raison \u00e9clair\u00e9e, le progr\u00e8s et la modernit\u00e9. Ceci se poursuivit le si\u00e8cle suivant, au-del\u00e0 de l\u2019Europe, les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s convergeant vers un m\u00eame devenir o\u00f9 se donn\u00e8rent \u00e0 voir diff\u00e9rentes expressions d\u2019outrance identitaire, fantasmant et magnifiant tour \u00e0 tour la race, l\u2019ethnie, la nation, la religion.  <\/p>\n

Selon cette perspective, les supr\u00e9matistes blancs, hindouistes, juifs, les djihadistes actuels s\u2019\u00e9quivaudraient et exprimeraient un m\u00eame ressentiment derri\u00e8re leurs \u00ab diff\u00e9rences qui se ressemblent \u00bb (Claude L\u00e9vi-Strauss). Pareillement, le massacre du Bataclan \u00e0 Paris en 2015 serait la r\u00e9plique nihiliste actualis\u00e9e de l\u2019explosion du th\u00e9\u00e2tre Bellecour de Lyon en 1882 par des anarchistes voulant \u00ab en finir avec la fine fleur de la bourgeoisie et du commerce \u00bb. La sid\u00e9ration des attaques du 11 septembre 2001 serait en r\u00e9sonance avec celle d\u2019innombrables attentats anarchistes qui d\u00e9capit\u00e8rent, entre deux si\u00e8cles, notamment un tsar, une imp\u00e9ratrice, des rois et des princes, des pr\u00e9sidents et des premiers ministres.   <\/p>\n

Ce Grand R\u00e9cit, v\u00e9ritable introduction \u00e0 l\u2019occidentalisme, r\u00e9v\u00e8le l\u2019aveuglement des Lumi\u00e8res et leur versant sombre. Il constitue une th\u00e9orie de grande unification d\u2019une vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de cultures emport\u00e9es depuis le XVIII\u00e8me<\/sup> si\u00e8cle par le vortex du capitalisme et de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 marchande, tandis que la violence politique fascine et ravit les exclus et d\u00e9class\u00e9s produits au fur et \u00e0 mesure des fulgurations scientifiques, techniques, industrielles et num\u00e9riques.   <\/p>\n


\nInterd\u00e9pendance n\u00e9gative<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u2019auteur, issu d\u2019un village de l\u2019Inde profonde, a tout vu, lu et su de la mondialit\u00e9 effervescente. Sa d\u00e9monstration proc\u00e8de d\u2019une analyse litt\u00e9raire de romanciers et po\u00e8tes italiens, allemands, russes, indiens, iraniens, arabes, etc. Tout commence et retourne finalement \u00e0 la divergence de fond entre deux philosophes, Voltaire et Rousseau, sur l\u2019attitude \u00e0 adopter vis-\u00e0-vis d\u2019un rapport commercial \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 comme \u00e0 l\u2019\u00eatre-au-monde. A la suite de Rousseau, Nietzsche et Dosto\u00efevski, bien d\u2019autres th\u00e9matiseront le sentiment de perte et de d\u00e9possession de soi.<\/p>\n

L\u2019histoire de la haine, de la violence et de la terreur de masse serait donc la face voil\u00e9e et impens\u00e9e d\u2019une histoire aseptis\u00e9e de la modernit\u00e9 occidentale n\u2019ayant retenu que le r\u00e9cit consacr\u00e9 et talismanique de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de march\u00e9, de la d\u00e9mocratie parlementaire, des droits de l\u2019homme et du citoyen. La violence et le terrorisme d\u2019aujourd\u2019hui repr\u00e9sentent une s\u00e9rie parmi d\u2019autres de \u00ab chocs de modernit\u00e9 \u00bb.  Au XIX\u00e8me<\/sup> si\u00e8cle, la violence nihiliste et anarchiste mettait en acte la \u00ab solidarit\u00e9 n\u00e9gative \u00bb (Hannah Arendt) r\u00e9pandue dans toute l\u2019Europe puis au-del\u00e0, g\u00e9n\u00e9rant guerres mondiales, g\u00e9nocides, carnages coloniaux. D\u00e9sormais, l\u2019interd\u00e9pendance n\u00e9gative et les chocs d\u2019une modernit\u00e9 hypertrophi\u00e9e affectent des milliards d\u2019individus d\u2019Afrique-Asie, sans que les structures sociales, politiques et \u00e9conomiques traditionnelles \u2013 effondr\u00e9es depuis longtemps \u2013 ni aucun \u00c9tat-providence, puissent \u00eatre en mesure de les absorber. Nous serions \u00e0 cet instant pr\u00e9cis de l\u2019histoire du village global ou du vaisseau plan\u00e9taire appel\u00e9 Titanic<\/em>, entre un semblant de haine et guerre civiles et la vraisemblance de catastrophes bioclimatiques.<\/p>\n

R\u00e9da Benkirane<\/p>\n

\n

<\/a>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641<\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

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\n\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/b> \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u064a <\/span><\/i><\/b>\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 <\/span><\/b>\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/i><\/b> (\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 <\/span><\/b>2022)<\/span><\/b>.<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u062f\u0651\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/i> \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0637 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u062d “\u0639\u0645\u0649” \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646 <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/i>\u060c \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u2013 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 <\/span>\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0632\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c <\/span><\/i>2022<\/span><\/i>.<\/span><\/i> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064f\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0630\u0651\u0649\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0636\u064a\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u0631\u0627<\/span><\/i>. \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629: \u0635\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0641\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u064a\u0646”\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 (<\/span>1793\u20131794<\/span>)\u060c \u062f\u0634\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u062c\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629\u00bb (<\/span>\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a-\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633<\/span><\/i>). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0632\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u0629 <\/span>\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/i> \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 <\/span>2015<\/span> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u062c\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d <\/span>\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/i> \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 <\/span>1882<\/span>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629”. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a <\/span>11<\/span> \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 <\/span>2001<\/span> \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0631\u0624\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 “<\/span> \u0627<\/span><\/b>\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628<\/span><\/b>” (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649)\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0638\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0629<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/b> <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0649\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629\u00bb.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0633\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u062a\u0647 <\/span>\u062d\u0646\u0651\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0646\u062f\u062a<\/span><\/i> \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0632\u0645\u0646 – \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649<\/span>.<\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Book review by Reda Benkirane of Pankaj Mishra, The Age of Anger. A History of the Present, London, Allen Lane, 2017, by Reda Benkirane. (Translation in English and Arabic by  Samia Erraji of the article published in Le Monde, June 2022. ) In a striking mirror narrative, the Indian essayist\u2026 Lire plus \/ Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":1775,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2706","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2706","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2706"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2706\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2711,"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2706\/revisions\/2711"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1775"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2706"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2706"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/cch.um6p.ma\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2706"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}